The Concert of Europe Essay - 1082 Words

The Concert of Europe The Congress System, which took the form of a series of congresses and diplomatic meetings held between 1818 and 1822, can be regarded as a practical expression of the rather general concept of the Concert of Europe. The Concert of Europe was an attempt to regularize the conflicting ambitions of the Great Powers in the interests of Europe as a whole. As such, its effectiveness was dependant on the willingness of all five Great Powers to show moderation in the pursuit of their individual interests. Without this, it would be impossible to reach a consensus on important issues. Although The Concert’s main aim was to maintain peace, revolts in different areas of Europe such as†¦show more content†¦By the terms of the Treaty, whereas Britain might intervene alone in Portugal in defence of its measures, France was specifically forbidden from doing so in Spain. After a combination of the Spanish army and British navy destroyed the absolutist forces of King Miguel and Don Carlos in the spring of 1834, Miguel fled but Carlos presented more of a problem, as he renewed his claim and raised more troops, joining forces with the Basques in their flight for independence. But neither Britain nor France was prepared for Guerrilla warfare so they therefore refused the Spanish Queen’s appeals for official military aid in 1835, sending token forces of volunteers or irregular troops instead. The recriminations between Britain and France was as a result from Palmerston’s reluctance to allow France the opportunity to restore her influence in Madrid by lending more effective aid to the liberal causes. The friction that was being created by France’s and Britain’s involvement with the Spanish crisis was proving to be a threat to the Concert of Europe. As Britain and France were two of the major powers who were influential in the Concert and it decisions, it would be completely inappropriate to have disagreements and continuing conflict between these two powers when deciding on major issues. This would mean that the Concert would notShow MoreRelatedThe Concert of Europe1941 Words   |  8 PagesThe concert of Europe could be said to have had a substantial level of accountability in the preservation of peace because it brought about a common satisfaction of the status quo. The concert was forged under the thought that none of the great powers was interested in changing the international order to best suit their need. This is because, no power could be so â€Å"dissatisfied that it questioned the legitimacy of the entire order.† (83 p.145 Kupchan.) Some may arg ue that the concert was not createdRead MoreDiscuss How Nationalism Spread Across Europe with Napoleon but Was Repressed for a Generation Under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe Until the Revolutions of 1848876 Words   |  4 PagesRevolution and was spread to the rest of Europe by Napoleon’s conquests. Nationalism was used by Napoleon to make France a great power in Europe. Nationalism helped France to develop a national language which was taught in schools to replace local dialects. This unification of language helped the people of France to feel closer to each other, with more in common. It also helped the country in its economics and politics. As Napoleon conquered more areas in Europe, Nationalism rose. Nationalism isRead MoreMarian Anderson1327 Words   |  6 PagesFellowship, in Europe. Following debuts in Berlin in 1930 and London in 1932, Anderson concertized in Scandinavia, Germany, South America, and the Soviet Union. In Salzburg, Austria, she gave a sensational performance at the Mozarteum with famous conductor Arturo Toscanini in the audience. Upon hearing her sing, Toscanini reportedly told her she had a voice heard but once in a century. At the end of her European tour, Anderson was an acclaimed sensation in the capitals of Europe, and AmericanRead MoreShort Answer Questions On The Peace Of Westphalia1287 Words   |  6 PagesShort Answer Questions 1. The Peace of Westphalia was a turning in European diplomacy for an important reason. Prior to the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, Europe was plagued with wars that had religious motivations. For example, the Thirty Years’ War was initially caused by a religious conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism in the Holy Roman Empire. Many of the wars during the Protestant Reformation were caused by religious differences between Catholics and Protestants. Atrocities, suchRead MoreNazi Power And Their Regulations On Censorship986 Words   |  4 PagesA few downsides to this rather successful scene, however, stemmed from the Nazi power and their regulations on censorship. One guideline of the music in Europe was the banning of degenerate music along with any performance or mentioning of Jewish composers and their compositions. Due to this stipulation, several cycles of Beethoven and Wagner worked their way trough this group during this period. Jewish musicians were also fo rced to leave their jobs in the orchestra, leaving a big gap in performersRead MoreThe Cold War And The Pre Wwi Conditions1591 Words   |  7 Pagesin 1815. In order to create a genuine balance of power, this was attained using an alternate rule going for peace – the concert of Europe. As Sheehan (1996:122) contends ‘the concert system was not a development of balance practice but rather represented a quite different approach to international security’. Moreover, Fay (referred to in Sheehan 1966:122) states that ‘The Concert aims to secure agreement and participation by appeasement and by reducing the tendency of the powers to group into opposingRead MoreBaltimore Symphony Orchestr The Only Major American Orchestra1621 Words   |  7 Pagesorchestra’s primary venue is the Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, with the Music Center at Strathmore in Bethesda as a secondary; making it the nation’s first orchestra with year-round venues in two metropo litan areas. The ensemble performs more than 130 concerts a year and has had 89 world premiere and 42 commissioned works since its founding. The first conductor of the Symphony was Gustav Strube (1917 – 30), followed by George Siemonn (1930-35), Ernest Schelling (1935-37), Werner Janssen (1937-390, HowardRead MoreIphone Marketing Assignment1235 Words   |  5 Pagescommunicate with colleagues, friends and family. Our secondary consumer targets are high school, college and graduate students who need one portable multifunction device. Demographics- Generation Y, middle-upper income, ages 18-40 Geographics- Europe, United States (New York and California), Japan Psychographics: business style, technologically oriented, urban Behavior Response- early adopters, keeping up with new trends Digital Live America Solution Research Group performed an independentRead MoreTaking a Look at Marian Anderson1334 Words   |  5 Pagesfrequency female voice with in a choir. Although Anderson is classified as a classical vocalist her repertoire included many genres such as opera, traditional American songs, concert literature and spirituals. Her live performances spanned the years of 1925 to 1965. The majority of her performances were recitals or concerts, some of which took place within major venues. Through Anderson’s successful career she paved a path for many other African-American vocal artists to follow. This paper exploresRead MoreThe French Music994 Words   |  4 Pagesfifty-nine percent while concert frequency and regularity also increased. Why the sudden increase in activity? Many believe it may be to due a certain mentality and psychology that people â€Å"want to get away from the obsessions of the present time,† understandably referring to the exhaus ting and troubling times of the war. A few downsides to this rather successful scene, however, stemmed from the Nazi power and their regulations on censorship. One guideline of the music in Europe was the banning of degenerate

Supernatural Elements Of The Nineteenth Century - 1693 Words

The beginning of the nineteenth century was also the start of a legendary movement in literature, known as Romanticism. Authors during this period created their own worlds by using their imaginations. Individuals no longer saw themselves a measure of everything around them, but rather as one more component of the great source of life and creativity: nature. The Romantics placed emphasis on emotions such as apprehension, terror, and awe as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, as well as the feelings that accompany confronting the sublimity and beauty of nature, especially. Supernatural elements are not present in all Romantic literature; however, the supernatural approach was an important and arguably crucial strategy for Romanticism to achieve its purposes. In order to fully understand how supernatural themes played such a large role in Romanticism, we must further explore what Romanticism really is. This spiritual and artistic movement rejected rationalism, and emerged as a reaction against ‘the age of enlightenment’, which put strong emphasis on reason and logic. Thus, for the Romantics, literary creation was what the artist produced after reconstructing or developing a new interpretation of the world around him. It was the offspring of imagination applied to the writer’s impressions of real life. Authors such as Coleridge, Blake, and Shelley, believed that literary creation was the product of transforming reality into something beyond reason, but not beyond theShow MoreRelatedUse of Gothic Elements in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1740 Words   |  7 PagesUSE OF GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN CHARLOTTE BRONTES ‘JANE EYRE Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in the middle of the nineteenth century. Bronte was greatly influenced by the Gothic novels that were in fashion before the time of Jane Eyre. The Gothic novel was popularised in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and was defined by its use of suspense, supernatural elements, and desolate locations to generate a gloomy or chilling mood. The protagonist of the novel would generallyRead MoreUse of Gothic Elements in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1729 Words   |  7 PagesUSE OF GOTHIC ELEMENTS IN CHARLOTTE BRONTES ‘JANE EYRE Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre was published in the middle of the nineteenth century. Bronte was greatly influenced by the Gothic novels that were in fashion before the time of Jane Eyre. The Gothic novel was popularised in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and was defined by its use of suspense, supernatural elements, and desolate locations to generate a gloomy or chilling mood. The protagonist of the novel would generallyRead MoreEnglish Romanticisms Influences on the Works of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein 653 Words   |  3 Pageseighteenth and nineteenth century that swept all over Europe; it affected not only literature, but all areas of life and society. The concept of Romanticism started when people began to feel a deep concern for problems of our existence, death, and the world. Romantic literature was more emotional, personal, and intense than what had been seen in any other type of literature. Romanticism can include one or all of these elements such as emotio ns, childhood, innocence, nature, the past, supernatural, the commonRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1186 Words   |  5 Pages The nineteenth-century novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is considered to be a gothic novel. Gothic literature took place mostly in England from 1790 to 1830, falling into the category of Romantic literature. The Gothic takes its roots from previous horrifying writing that extends back to the Middle Ages and can still be found in writings today by many authors including Charlotte Bronte. The strong description of horror, abuse, and gruesomeness in Gothic novels reveals truths to readers throughRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe nineteenth-century Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is considered to be a gothic novel. Gothic literature took place mostly in England from 1790 to 1830, falling into the category of Romantic literature. The Gothic takes its roots from previous horrifying writing that extends back to the Middle Ages and can still be found in writings today by many authors including Charlotte Bronte. The strong description of horror, abuse, and gruesomeness in Gothic novels reveals truths to readers through realisticRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein As A Gothic Novel1042 Words   |  5 Pagescastles, mystery, and suspense: these are all elements of a Gothic novel. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein was written in the early 19th century, the novel certainly contains many components of a Gothic novel. Shelley uses various literary devices to support the element of a supernatural event, dreams, emotions, and metonymy of gloom, which classify Frankenstein as a Gothic novel. Immediately after Frankenstein’s supernatural creation, Victor’s horrifying dream foreshadowsRead MoreWashington Irving and Romanticism Essays1611 Words   |  7 Pageslearning. Washington Irving’s use of Romanticism is portrayed in his writings very clearly and boldly. Romanticism is a revolt against rationalism that affected literature and other arts, beginning in the late eighteenth century and remaining strong throughout most of the nineteenth century. Romanticism has multiple characteristics and contrasts to the many beliefs of the people. These characteristics deal with many economic, social, and political issues and traditions. Romanticism as a conviction thatRead MoreHave You Ever Admired A Sculpture? Did You Wonder Why It1041 Words   |  5 Pages Sculpture is one of the most oldest art forms dating back over 35,000 years ago. There are many methods, tools, and products used to make sculptures. The eighteenth and nineteenth century was a time for many conflicts about sculpting and different forms of sculpting were created. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, sculptures were getting new styles added to them. Some of these styles were added in different periods including the Neoclassicism, Romanticism, and Realism periods. NeoclassicismRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe And The Cask Of Amontillado1384 Words   |  6 Pagesstaples the theme of gothic literature. This essay will allow you to see the gothic elements Edgar Allan Poe uses through his most common poems. Gothic literature has many elements which play into its definition. The actual definition is a style of writing that is characterized by elements of fear, horror, death, and gloom. (19th Century) There are three main types of gothic literature. These are Victorian, 20th Century, and American literature. Based on Edgar Allan Poe stories and poems, he fits intoRead MoreGothic Elements In Jane Eyre872 Words   |  4 Pagesglobal widespread of dark, horrific elements in writing. Gothic literature creates imagination of supernatural events and feelings of mystery and fear. In Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Gothic novel, Jane Eyre, Jane’s character develops and perseveres past her difficult setbacks, finding her true love, Mr. Rochester, along her journey. Descriptions of Jane’s surroundings and character’s features highlight the dark, fearful feeling prominent in the novel. The Gothic elements in Jane Eyre are depicted through her

Ernest Hemingway The Man and Essay Example For Students

Ernest Hemingway The Man and Essay By: Laura Wiser Ernest Hemingway The Man and His Work On July 2, 1961, a writer whom many critics call the greatest writer of this century, a man who had a zest for adventure, a winner of the Nobel Prize and the Pulitzer Prize, a man who held esteem everywhere on that July day, that man put a shotgun to his head and killed himself. That man was Ernest Hemingway. Though he chose to end his life, his heart and soul lives on through his many books and short stories. Hemingways work is his voice on how he viewed society, specifically American society and the values it held. No other author of this century has had such a general and lasting influence on the generation which grew up between the world wars as Ernest Hemingway (Lania 5). The youth that came of age during this time came to adopt the habits, way of life, and essentially the values of Hemingways characters. The author , however, was just depicting his characters as he saw the typical American in the 1920s. In his mind this meant a people filled with melancholy denial. Hemingway became the chief reporter of what became known as the Lost Generation. This phrase is attributed to Gertrude Stein, a friend of Hemingways, who meant youth, angry with life itself after the war; drowning themselves in alcohol; sleeping away the days and sharing their beds with a new partner each night. Thus, Hemingway depicts America as a society with a profuse amount of twisted values. A constant theme runs through all of Hemingways work. That man can be defeated but not destroyed. Once such novel that depicts this, as well as American values, is A Farewell to Arms. During the course of the story, the two main characters lieutenant Frederick Henry and nurse Catherine Barkley, become the victims of a cruel and hostile age. Their love story, which starts in a field hospital where the lieutenant is being treated for severe leg injuries, ends with Catherines death. She dies in childbirth but it is actually the war that condemns them both to destruction. After the Italian defeat at Caporetto, the lieutenant becomes a deserter. He flees with his now impregnated lover to Switzerland, but they cannot escape the despair and horror of the war. Their attempts to wipe it out by consuming bottle after bottle of alcohol has only ill effects. This novel is a drawn out definition of Steins generation. It is the story of a man torn apart by the reality of war and love. In the beginning of the war Frederick is disappointed at the lack of action. When his first test on the field of battle occurs, however, he sees the truth of war as a friend dies in his arms. At first the reader may think that the lieutenant was insensitive, but his true feelings show in these two lines: I wiped my hand on my shirt and another floating light came very slowly down and I looked at my leg and was very afraid. Oh, God, I said, get me out of here. (Hemingway 55) From this point on the war begins to break him down. The lieutenants increasing consumption of alcohol lets on that he is trying to avoid thinking about what has happened to him. The wine flows so freely that the porter at the hospital carries out the lieutenants trash by the sack load. The drinking causes him to have jaundice as well as happy thoughtsthe price he pays for the liquor. Hemingway shows American drinking habits in this book which coincide with Steins idea. .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f , .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f .postImageUrl , .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f , .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f:hover , .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f:visited , .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f:active { border:0!important; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f:active , .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u261d03bde1e3d6debe215f49c7a9177f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bipolar Disorder2 Essay Frederick, like many men and women in the 1920s, sought to avoid his problems by turning to alcohol to make him feel better about himself and his situation. Along with a drinking problem the bedridden man decides to take his nurse as his lover. Lieutenant Frederick convinces himself he is in love with her and thinks nothing of it when he finds the nurse is with child. To avert his attention from the war he takes responsibility for Catherine and in the end becomes a deserter only to have his lover

Swidden Farming

Swidden farming or shift farming refers to an agricultural system in which fields are cleared, cultivated and fallowed (Vogt, 1999). Globally, farmers have employed this system for the last eight thousand years. It has since then been associated with the shifting patterns in cultivation necessitated by soil exhaustion (Vogt, 1999).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Swidden Farming specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To regenerate soil fertility and exploit nutrients in a natural vegetation soil cover, farmers have to regularly abandon and shift their farming sites. However, despite its widespread use, swidden farming is no longer sustainable in the contemporary societies in most of the developing countries (Vogt, 1999). Although this farming technique has been efficient in the past, it has proved to be unsustainable with the current increase in the global population (Vogt, 1999). Beyond a certain population limit, the sustainability of the technique ceases as land productivity fails to meet the ever-increasing population density. Similarly, the increase in population densities in developing countries has resulted in land scarcity as the available land is overused which leads decreased productivity value (Vogt, 1999). With the destruction of vegetation cover, soil quality is compromised and gradually becomes poor in supporting crop farming. Through cutting, slashing and burning of vegetation cover, destruction of soil nutrients occur (Hirst, 1988). As a result, soil fertility may completely diminish for the preceding vegetation cover. As illustrated by most communities practicing swidden farming, the technique entails cutting down trees from a virgin land (Hirst, 1988). Thereafter, the trees are used for charcoal production. In the subsequent year, the piece of land is set on fire to allow the growth of grass for cattle. Through this process, large-scale soil erosion is usually unavoidable as the re are no plant roots to provide support to the soil (Hirst, 1988). Consequently, water will eventually wash away the few remaining nutrients from the soil. Due to these negative impacts on the soil, shifting farming has ceased to be sustainable as it productivity cannot support the ever increasing human population.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ultimately, the shifting of land ownership from community to individuals will eventually face out shifting farming, as there will be considerably limited land available for these practices (Ballard, 2009). Individual land ownership allows the subdivision of land into small portions owned by individuals or private ventures. These small portions will necessitate innovative farming techniques to maximize and increase productivity. Therefore, as more societies shift to adopt individual land ownership in the near future, the practice of shift f arming will slowly turn into an unsustainable farming venture (Ballard, 2009). The labor and time required in slashing and burning in shift farming is enormous. Coupled with its poor returns, shift farming is currently unsustainable and uneconomical (Ballard, 2009). Instead, farmers should explore other alternative farming techniques to improve on their productivity and economic returns. Among these preferred alternatives is the adoption of modern farming techniques that allow the production of sufficient food to feed the increasing population. Furthermore, these techniques are environmentally friendly and economically viable (Ballard, 2009). Globally, climate change has been the main reason for dwindling farm returns. Global warming occurs due to the emission of carbon dioxide and other green house gases. Swidden farming has been blamed as a chief contributor of green house gases (Ballard, 2009). Thus, the continued use of this system of farming results in numerous adverse effects on the environment. It is evident that swidden farming is not only unsustainable, but also hazardous to the environment. References Ballard, C. (2009). Sustainable farming. Mankato, Minn.: Arcturus Pub..Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Swidden Farming specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hirst, J. (1988). Small-scale agriculture. Canberra: Commonwealth Foundation, Commonwealth Geographical Bureau and Dept. of Human Geography. Vogt, D. (1999). Swidden farming and fallow vegetation in northern Thailand. Stuttgart: Steiner. This essay on Swidden Farming was written and submitted by user Shaniya O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

GreenPeace essays

GreenPeace essays Greenpeace was born in 1971 when members of the Dont Make a Wave Committee in Vancouver, renamed their organization to better state their purpose: to make a green and peaceful world. In 1971, the United States was carrying out atmospheric nuclear tests on a small island called Amchitka (off the west coast of Alaska). This island was not only the last refuge for 3 000 endangered sea otters, home to bald eagles, peregrine falcons and other wildlife but it is situated in one of the most earthquake prone regions in the world. Motivated by the idea that a few people could make a difference a small crew set sail from Vancouver on an old fishing boat, determined to put an end to these tests. The journey set off a flurry of public interest, and although that particular tests were not stopped, Greenpeace preserved in its protests and nuclear testing was eventually halted there in 1972. Amchitka is now a bird sanctuary. Greenpeace has evolved into a global organization campaigning on todays worst environmental issues. They remain independent of governments, political parties and industry. Over two million members worldwide support them. Greenpeace is best known for non-violent direct actions, which raise awareness and bring public opinion to bear on decision makers. Today, public protests are only one of their many strategies. Working with international experts, the conduct scientific, economic, and political research, publicize environmentally sound solutions, and lobby for change. Having alerted the world to the connection between the use of fossil fuels and climate destabilization, Greenpeace launched a solar pioneers project in Canada in 1998 to promote the use of solar energy and organize a bulk purchase for individual homeowners. They have also proposed alternatives to harmful fishing technologies and logging practices, developed ozone-sage refrigeration technology, and researched ways in which chlor ...

6 Tips for Writing your Dissertation Results and Findings

6 Tips for Writing your Dissertation Results and Findings 6 Tips for Writing Your Dissertation Results and Findings After conducting a literature review, designing your research, gathering data and performing in-depth analysis, it can be tempting to cut corners when it comes to presenting the results and findings in your dissertation. But doing so would undermine the hard work you’ve put in so far, and writing a great results chapter isn’t as difficult as it might seem. The keys to success here are clarity and context. Clarity is important because you need your data to be easy to understand. Context is important because you need to communicate the significance of your results in relation to the research questions. As such, it is always a good idea to follow these helpful tips. Check with Your Advisor about How to Present Your Data Many schools will have a style guide covering what is expected from the results and findings chapter of your work. Ask your advisor if you dont already have a style guide, and use this to guide your work. Check Similar Studies Different disciplines present results in different ways. In the hard sciences, for instance, basic findings are often presented separately from the discussion. In the social sciences, however, it is more common to present the results and discussion at the same time. Provide an Introductory Paragraph By explaining what your findings chapter will include, you will prime your reader to understand what follows. This may involve briefly restating the methods of analysis used, particularly if your work includes statistical data. Look Back to the Rest of Your Thesis This is especially true for the literature review and methodology chapters. Referring to the literature review allows you to compare your results to those achieved by others in your field. Referring to your methodology, meanwhile, lets you determine whether your findings were influenced by the techniques used to gather and analyze data. Explain How You Interpreted the Data How you reached a conclusion won’t always be obvious from the data alone. Instead, you need to explain the significance of your results in relation to your hypothesis and justify your conclusions. Use Graphs, Tables and Figures A well-chosen table or graph is an excellent way of presenting your data. However, remember that using too many graphs and charts without explaining their significance can be confusing for the reader! If you need more tips on how to write your dissertation, you should check out the rest of our academic blog. And don’t forget that you can have one of our proofreaders check your dissertation for spelling, grammar and consistency. That way you can rest assured that your work will be its very best!

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Business law - Essay Example For example, the opportunities to go to school, where they are expected to attend all classes and pass exams. When minors leave their parents’ home on their own accord, there is little probability that court will force their parents to support them financially. If the minors leave their parents’ home as a result of the influence of other people or failure to abide by the rule stipulated by their family, then parents do not have any financial liability over such a minor. When they leave their home under these circumstances, they have to survive on their own (Brown and Emily 4) Parents are financially liable if minors leave home as a result of mistreatment, lack of food, cloth and to escape from harsh environment that they are subjected to by their parents. A minor is granted financial support in case parents have neglected to provide these things to their children. When the parents cannot afford to pay for expensive things like private school, court cannot force them to pay. This is because where the parents are providing their children with cheap but quality services, their children cannot win a law suit. Parents cannot be forced to provide their children with expensive things like private schools, jewelry and cars if they cannot afford (Brown and Emily 7) Paying of extraordinary costs should be made out of free will of the parent. This is because no one can force other people to provide what they are not able to afford. If parents are willing to pay extra money for their children to attend a private school, they should be the ones to make that decision. However, in case the public school the child is attending is in bad condition and does not offer quality services as compared to private school, then the parents have a duty to see that their children can attend a school where they are able to achieve their goals. This should also include healthcare since it is the children right to quality healthcare

Policy Development & Evaluation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Policy Development & Evaluation 2 - Essay Example m in minimizing rent loss through reducing length of the void period and void repair costs; set in place systems to monitor the standards of void properties and resident satisfaction with their new homes. The strategy will ensure that the residents are aware of their repair responsibilities and end of tenancy obligations. The strategy will be used in conjunction with the most recent housing needs survey and allocations policy to ensure that the property is well used and in such a way that meets local demand in a fair and equitable way. The aims of this strategy will be achieved by collaborating with the residents. Rental housing is the main shelter for low-income and middle-income earners. This is due to the fact that buying a home or a house is very expensive and beyond the reach of such people in the society. This therefore makes such people to live in affordable rental houses which they can pay at the end of the month or the period agreed between the resident/tenant and the owner of the property which is the house. Here are a number of factors which contribute to tenants or residents leaving the building and moving to another building to seek shelter. This leads to the property being empty and therefore losses are incurred due to lack of rental income. The recent economic downturn in the past few years has shown that many people are moving from home ownership to renting houses. This has been as a result of several factors such as: low income, increased rate of unemployment, inflation and hard economic times. A good example is the American economic situation which resulted in horrific conse quences for the mortgage industry. According to Rebecca Cohen, Keith Wardrip, and Laura Williams in their article, Rental Housing Affordability – A Review of Current Research, the drastic increase in renters in American society has resulted in 21.3 million more renters between the years of 2004 to 2007. This has led to the need for sufficient rental properties. Minimizing

Resource Allocation Essay Example for Free

Resource Allocation Essay Project management is the discipline of defining and achieving targets while optimizing the use of resources: time, money, people, materials, energy, space, etc. , over the course of a project. The most important resources that project managers have to plan and manage on day-to-day basis are people, materials, equipment and working capital. Obviously, if these resources are available in abundance then the project could be accelerated to achieve shorter project duration. On the other hand, [Avoid using colloquial language, slang or jargon in formal writing (14)] if these resources are severely limited, then the result more than likely will be a delay in the project completion time. Depending on the type of resources, the costs of providing an abundance of such resources to accelerate project completion time can be very high. However, if resources are readily available and excess premiums are not incurred to use them on the project, then project cost should be low, as some project costs are resource related while others are likely to be time dependent. In seeking professional services for the design and construction of our garage with living quarters, the management team has been confronted with a broad variety of choices. The services solicited are based on past history and excellent referrals. The Ransom family has selected the following individuals for the organizational structure of the garage project, all team member functions, responsibilities, qualifications, and capabilities are defined, as well as where each member fits into this structure. [Comma splice and/or run-on sentence. Rewrite as two sentences, or separate with a semicolon. (32)] The Ransom’s are confident that this group of individuals will form a cohesive team to complete the project within scope, budget and time. Ransom Family James Sampson is a low-level manager who will function as project manager. As PM he has been given the authority by the board of directors to resolve any resource allocation issues that may arise. James reports directly to the board of directors. His qualifications are over 20 years of experience in the areas of industrial engineering, materials and operations management. His academic credentials include a bachelor’s degree in industrial engineering and an MBA specializing in quantitative business analysis and business statistics. James will serve as liaison for the city planning commission. James has the following skills and abilities: principles and practices of contemporary project management, strategic, conceptual and analytical thinking, adaptability and flexibility including ability to manage pressure, ambiguity and change, team leadership, interpersonal, communication, and project management skills. Jody Bryant is a functional manager in charge of Contract Administration and Documentation. She reports to James Sampson. Jody’s qualifications are 18 years experience in the area contract administration and associated policies, and procedures. Her academic credentials include a bachelor’s degree in business administration and an MBA specializing in technology. She maintains contract administration systems that ensure that contractors perform in accordance with the terms, conditions, and specifications of their contracts and/or purchase orders. Her responsibilities include: documentation and record keeping, receiving, evaluating and acting on engineering and other change proposals, negotiating cost and schedule impact relating to change orders and other contract modifications. She also ensures timely submission of required reports. Rose Matos is functional manager in charge of structure and on-site management. She reports to James Sampson and Jody Bryant. Rose has 15 years experience designing beams, columns, walls, floors, roofs, and foundations of various structures. She will be responsible for overseeing Big Time Builders, Keep-em Happy Architectural, Martin Grading, and other of contractors such as electrical, plumbing, mechanical, and industrial engineers. James Vann Haigler is functional manager over quality assurance. Vann, as he prefers to be called, has an extensive background in quality assurance management, which includes a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, specializing in Computer Science. He has over 13 years of experience in QA, 3D graphics applications. Vann reports to James Sampson, and is responsible for the overall management of activities related to the sampling, and release of raw materials and components. This includes, but is not limited to, writing of specifications and SOPs, control of artwork, shop floor testing, resolution of Sub-standard Material Reports, and maintenance of vendor files. He guarantees a level of quality for the end client, and is focused on creating a quality deliverable. Task and Responsibility Matrix After the project is organized, there is a need to define what roles and responsibilities for each member of Team B. Within the project the labor will not be specificity be accomplished by the team members but from sub-contractors, however each task must be carried out in order to complete the project. [This sentence is confusing. Reword for clarity] In order to insure that all tasks are carried out in the necessary order described within the Statement of Work the overseeing of the tasks are divided and assigned to various team members according to the members role which is defined by; responsibility, approval and support. With this in mind, the team has developed a task/responsibility matrix to keep track of these steps.

Virtual Campus Tour :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Virtual campus tour is a software program where the users can experience the same thing as in the real world. They can touch, walk, run, sit on a chair, or change direction. In other words, it is like an online expedition that is close to real campus walking tour. Virtual campus tour could be a useful reference in the future for architects, urban planners, and government entities. My part in this project is making the brochure and PowerPoint. The brochure contains information about the purpose of our project in asking for fundraiser. We need about $ 1,000 to create this software that supports the 3D virtual tour. I chose the fundraiser brochure because it looks nice and appropriate as a fundraiser tool. The presentation is in form of PowerPoint and proposal. We need the proposal in order to ask for fundraiser. Pius and Abdallah are responsible for the proposal. The proposal contains information such as why ISU need the virtual tour, how the virtual tour can be implemented, the benefit in the future, and how the program works. The slides in PowerPoint include the background of virtual tour, the description of the program, the reasons why there should be a virtual campus tour, and picture samples. The background of this virtual campus tour is started with four people gathered in September 2003. They formed a team after several gatherings in campus. The team consists of Andre Lokasari (Computer Science Senior), Abdallah Mwita (Computer Engineering Senior), Adams Sutanto (Aerospace Engineering Senior), and Pius Susanto (Industrial Engineering Senior). They name themselves the ISU campus simulation team after the proposed project came up with the next year in January 2004, namely, the virtual real-time campus map project. The diverse backgrounds from the members of this group contribute to each other work in coming up with this real-time campus map idea. All the members except Pius have done a lot of research to create the first part of real-time virtual campus tour. All the paper works including the proposal of this project, fundraising, and all other external affair matters are Pius’s responsibilities. The creation of 3D computer graphics consists of modelling, scene layout setup, and rendering. The modelling part could be described as shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene. There are some modelling techniques such as Constructive Solid Geometry, NURBS modelling and polygonal modelling. Editing object surface or material properties such as color, luminosity, diffuse and specular shading components are included in modelling processes.

Year Stpauls College

Institutions and personal experience In this report I will discuss the Impacts of Institutions. Len this report I will refer to the book raw and Shawano redemption and a poem Power structures. Institutions have many power structures tort example An Institution does not Just have one set power structure with all the rest equal. A power structure Is a person of higher power. For example you're principal or the warden in jail. Students Raw by Scott Monk shows different levels of power structures in institutions. It shows the difference of a good power structure to help people.Tyson abuses his low phew kook raw shows that Tyson uses his size to taunt and bully the other kids on the farm. Tyson taunts Brett by calling him a pretty boy. Tyson thinks he has the power to do so. Shawano Redemption. The men are free. The power structures got them there. They learned from others mistakes and guidelines from the hierarchy. The men are free. The power structures got them there. They learned from others mistakes and guidelines from the hierarchy. Shawano by frank dartboard has a different power structure . He Jail warden is all about control discipline and underneath the Job as warden he is as irrupt as all the other convicts In the Jail. And was always being beaten up and never told any one until the higher power stepped in and stopped It. * The morning sun at the end * Driving into the sunset Rebellion and protest (response to institutionalizing) Rebellion and protest can be a response to institutionalizing. Institutionalizing is where the person in the institution becomes addicted to it and cannot live outside the Institution. Outside the Institution Is onto place for them, they have become institutionalized.Also a key part of Institutionalizing is because the institution revised safety, security and is a predictable place unlike the big wide world. These people that have become dependent on the institution cannot survive without the routine, strong boundary and decision making being made for them. Shawano In Shawano Redemption the character Brooks Heathen saw himself as someone, in prison he had a life there. He was being discharged and was not allowed to stay. Because of this he had to rebel. â€Å"This is the only way they'll let me star (Shawano tofu Redemption). Prison was what en knew and en was Witt his trends.Brooks rebels by trying to take a life to stay in prison. He had to rebel, he had to become institutionalized. He did not want to leave because this was his home for his whole life. Because of the institutionalizing when Brooks left prison he saw himself as a minority and did not have the respect and love he got in the prison. And an old man can't rebel or protest so he took his own life. Letters from an Institution By Michael Ryan Poem Letters from an institution by Michael Ryan â€Å"I'd like to push them each somewhere† the institution forces things upon the characters in the movie and the poem.He wants to rebel and push them away, they re hurting him. There is no starting again they are institutionalized. All they know is the institution. If they can't flee or rebel, they â€Å"start to want to crazy' they can't live without the rules forced upon them. Because they are so used to it they start to enjoy it, it becomes an addiction. As Red said in Shawano even now he has left the prison he still has to have to ask to pips. He has done it his whole life and can't stop now. Responsibilities of individuals within institutions The responsibilities of individuals within institutions is to fulfill the goal of institutions ideas.What we are looking at hear is the rehabilitation of individuals in institutions. Beret's self-image impacts his whole time at the farm. After the continuous pressure from his parent's and the police, Brett is lost and confused, he sees that he has no responsibilities and does not belong anywhere. Brett looked at his fists and they were swollen from too many fights, he shook his head. Brett realizes that it is his responsibility as an individual to change his life and do right. Before this point Brett does not want to be rehabilitated and does not see that he is responsible for his own actions.At the end of the book Brett see's that it is not the institutions responsibility to change him but that it is his and only he can change if he wants. â€Å"Only you can help yourself† (Raw). When he drives off into the morning sun he realizes the new day, a new beginning to be responsible and to take the consequences as he makes mistakes. Shawano Redemption. Unlike Brett in Raw, Andy Defense was innocent when he was put in Jail. He knew from the start of his two life sentences what he wanted and knew exactly how to get it. Even though he was doubted by Red when he bought his rock hammer â€Å"waste of money if you ask me†.Also the fact that Andy knew what he had to do to make his life easier. He went with the flow and knew what he had to do to escape. Brett f rom Raw did not know what he wanted and did not think it was his responsibility. Impact on self-image Your own self-image is how you see yourself. This can be particularly bad if your opinion of yourself is bad. But the opposite if it is good. It is how you see yourself through others eyes. For example how you think you look and if you think you're a DOD person or not. RAW Brett blames the world because he thinks everyone hates him.During the book Brett is pressured by obstacles along the way causing negative thoughts about himself and the world. â€Å"It's nard work UT I b it's honest money' (Raw) because Brett HTH KS the world hates him he automatically thinks that Josh is implying that he is a thief when he says this. Josh shows Bret how he sees himself as this person and how he automatically thinks everybody else sees him as this. This impacted Beret's self-image in a positive way. Letters from an Institution This poem reveals how the life has been sucked out the character. He has only one way of doing things, the institutional way.This way, in which people are trained and forced to do the one thing even if they don't want to. â€Å"l pretend a lighthouse with a little man inside†. The character in the poem imagines himself as a free person. He has to dream because he has no other way of doing things. He sees himself as a sailor who tells old stories of the sea. He can't be who he wants. The character from the poem is strapped to his bed tightly and is uncomfortable. He wants to be free but is bound by the beds and is incapable of being what he dreams about himself. He can only use his imagination now and it doesn't matter what everybody else sees him s.So he â€Å"starts to like the needles† and he â€Å"starts to want to crazy' (Letters from an Institution). After analyzing the texts Raw by Scott Monk, Shawano Redemption by Frank Dartboard and the Poem Letters from an Institution by Michael Ryan', I found that every person has a different personal experience in institutions. This report has confirmed my thesis that I believe that every person can and will have different experiences of institution to institution based on the approach they take to the institution. This is seen in Raw when Brett accepts responsibility and starts to improve his behavior and self-image.

The Many Uses of Baking Soda

The Many Uses of Baking Soda – Informative Speech 1 The Many Uses of Baking Soda General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: The audience will learn about baking soda, the many different ways that it can be used to promote their health, cleaning uses around the home, cooking, in the home uses, and enhancing beauty. Thesis: Baking soda is very low cost, effective alternative to cleaning around the home, promoting health, and enhancing beauty. Introduction I)Fellow classmates, what if I told you that what I have in this small box has been used to promote health, used in cooking, great for cleaning, and enhancing beauty since the 1700’s. Additionally, what if I told you that it only cost about a $1. 00, and is used in two out of every three homes in America. However, most people don’t realize all of the great uses that baking soda has. Well, I am going to tell you just how powerful this stuff actually is. II)With the uncertain state of our country’s economy today, saving a few cents or a few dollars is what a lot of us are doing. Baking soda, for about a dollar, will let you save on a product with so many uses that you may be surprised by some of them. III)Many of you may already have a box of baking soda in your home that you use now and again, though you may not have yet realized that this product is far more powerful than it appears to be. I have done a substantial amount of research on the benefits of baking soda, and found that it is a low cost box of wonder. IV)According to Tip King, author of â€Å"Resourceful and Ingenious uses of Baking Soda†, â€Å"You will find that there are so many tips and ideas on the many uses of baking soda that you will be able to save dollars, yes count them, dollars, each and every week in your home†. Transition: First I will tell you just some of the things that baking soda can clean. ) Body I. â€Å"According to the web site â€Å"Life Hackery†, baking soda can clean and remove odors from a multitude of things inside and outside of your home. † (75 Extraordinary Uses for Baking Soda, 2008) A. Baking soda is very effective in the kitchen. 1. Clean the fridge with it. 2. Run your coffee maker with a baking soda solution, then rinse, for a clean free-flowing coffee maker. 3. Wash your fruits and vegetables with it. 4. Remove grease from pots and pans. . A combination of baking soda and vinegar will break down fatty acids into soap and glycerin, allowing the clog to wash down the drain. B. It can also be used for general cleaning. 1. Boost your laundry detergent’s cleaning power by adding a cup to the wash. Combine with water to make a paste for polishing stainless and chrome. 2. Clean garbage cans. 3. Clean retainers and dentures. 4. Soak brushes and combs in a baking soda solution. 5. Wipe your windshield with it to repel rain. C. Baking soda removes odors. 1. Put an open box of baking soda in the refrigerators to remover odors. 2. Sprinkle it in shoes, boots, or slippers to eliminate foul odors. 3. Suck it in with your vacuum cleaner to remove the odor. 4. Sprinkle it in your cats litter box to absorb bad odor. D. You can do all of your cleaning and deodorizing with a cup or less of this little white powder called â€Å"baking soda†. (Transition: Now that I have discussed many of the ways that you can use baking soda to clean and odor-free your home, let us take a look at how baking soda can be used in promoting ones health. II. There are many health benefits that can be attributed to baking soda. I found just a few at howstuffworks. com. (Uses for Baking Soda: Health and Beauty) 1. Use it as a mouthwash to freshen your breath. 2. Apply it to rashes, insect bites, and poison ivy. 3. Relieve a canker sore by using it as a mouthwash. 4. Heartburn? Take a teaspoon of baking soda mixed with one-half glass of water. (Transition: Since we have talked about many of the ways you can use baking soda to promote your health, let us talk about ways that baking soda can be used to enhance your beauty. ) III. Baking soda is one of the few products on the market for cleaning your teeth or settling an upset stomach. While we have many more choices today, baking soda still does the trick for dozens of health and beauty tasks. 1. 1 tsp baking soda mixed with 1/4 tsp hydrogen peroxide. Mix into paste Treat cold sores by dabbing with baking soda. 2. Rub a baking-soda paste onto your elbows to smooth away rough skin. 3. Soak tired feet in a basin of warm water with 3 tablespoons baking soda. 4. Blackhead Remover Recipe: 50/50 Baking Soda & Water. Use gently on your skin to exfoliate. 11 Easy Food Facials – Homemade Recipes, 2007) (Transition: The lists of uses for this wonderfully versatile product are longer than my allotted time; I’ve told you only a few. Perhaps I’ve sparked your curiosity enough that you’ll look at that little yellow box a bit differently. Conclusion I. Found in superstores, grocery stores, and small markets all across the world, baking soda is ve ry effective in it’s multitude of uses which can help and enhance your life. II. For about a buck, you can go out and buy yourself a box of baking soda and begin reaping all of the benefits of this great product. It will be a dollar well spent. Bibliography 11 Easy Food Facials – Homemade Recipes. (2007, May 3). Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Tipnut: http://tipnut. com/11-easy-food-facials-homemade-recipes/ 75 Extraordinary Uses for Baking Soda. (2008). Retrieved March 5, 2010, from Life Hackery: http://lifehackery. com/2008/07/22/home-4/ Uses for Baking Soda: Health and Beauty. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 5, 2010, from How Stuff Works: http://health. howstuffworks. com/uses-for-baking-soda-health-and-beauty-ga. htm

A clean, well ligted place essays

A clean, well ligted place essays The story A Clean, Well-lighted Place, pivots around difference between a clean and pleasant caf and a dark, not so clean, bar (bodegas) through the conversation between the young waiter and older waiter. The two waiters discuss about an old man who is in the caf and the idea of an existentialist is illustrated through it. An existentialist, insist that the highest good for an individual is to find his or her own unique belief and to find his or her own way without the aid of universal standards. Ernest Hemingway expresses this idea by presenting the old man and older waiter, as lonely men who need a clean, well-lighted place. Although the younger waiter seems to have happiness, Hemingway may indicate otherwise, through dichotomy between the younger waiter and the old man. The old man is depressed and lonely person who needs a place that is clean and pleasant. It is reasonable to suggest that the caf is place where the old man can find comfort. In fact, the old man tried commit suicide, but his niece found him and cut him down because she was fearful of his soul. The Catholics believe that if people, who commit suicide, will go to place called purgatory; thus, it seems that she was only concern for eternal well-being and not concern for his physical and mental well-being. Obviously, the old man cannot go to his family for comfort. Interestingly enough, a week later the two waiters see him in the caf drinking brandy, which may indicate that the comfort he has found is in a clean and pleasant cafe. Arguably, one could oppose that a person who founds comfort in drinking at a cafe will only contribute to more loneliness and depression. So, the old man should go to church to find comfort. This, however, implies that there is only one way for the old man to obtain comfort. From existentialist point of view, an individual can find his or her own comfort through his or her unique bel ...

Caesars Gallic Wars and Vercingetorix

Caesar's Gallic Wars and Vercingetorix One of Gauls most colorful historical figures is Vercingetorix, who acted as war chief for all the Gallic tribes who were trying to throw off the Roman yoke during the Gallic Wars. Vercingetorix and Caesar are the main figures in Book VII of De Bello Gallico, Caesars narrative about his wars in Gaul, although the Roman allies, the Aedui, also play a large role. This period of revolt follows the earlier Gallic battles at Bibracte, Vosges, and Sabis. By the end of Book VII Caesar has put down the Gallic revolt. The following is a summary of Book VII of De Bello Gallico, with some explanatory notes. Vercingetorix, son of Celtillus, a member of the Gallic tribe of Arverni, sent ambassadors out to Gallic tribes not yet allied with him asking them to join him in his endeavor to get rid of the Romans. By peaceful means or by attacking, he added troops from the Gallic tribes of the Senones (the tribe connected with the band of Gauls responsible for the sack of Rome in 390 B.C.), Parisii, Pictones, Cadurci, Turones, Aulerci, Lemovice, the Ruteni, and others to his own armed forces. Vercingetorix had used the Roman system of demanding hostages to ensure loyalty and ordered a levy of troops from each of these groups. He then took supreme command. He tried to ally the Biturgies, but they resisted and sent ambassadors to the Aedui for help against Vercingetorix. The Biturgies were dependents of the Aedui and the Aedui were allies of Rome (Brothers and Kinsmen of the Roman People 1.33). The Aedui started to help but then turned back perhaps because, as they said, they suspected the Biturgi es of complicity with the Arverni. Perhaps because they lacked the support of the Aedui, the Biturgies gave in to Vercingetorix. It is possible the Aedui already planned to revolt against Rome. When Caesar heard about the alliance, he realized it was a threat, so he left Italy and set out for Transalpine Gaul, a Roman province since 121 B.C., but he didnt have his regular army, although he did have some German cavalry and troops he had in Cisalpine Gaul. He had to figure out how to reach the main forces without putting them in danger. Meanwhile, Vercingetorix ambassador, Lucterius, continued to gain allies. He added the Nitiobriges and Gabali and then headed to Narbo, which was in the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, so Caesar headed to Narbo, which made Lucterius retreat. Caesar changed his direction and advanced into the territory of the Helvii, then on to the borders of the Arverni. Vercingetorix marched his troops there in order to defend his people. Caesar, no longer able to do without the rest of his forces, left Brutus in command while he went to Vienna where his cavalry was stationed. Next stop was the Aedui, one of Romes main allies in Gaul, and where two of Cae sars legions were wintering. From there, Caesar sent word to the other legions of the danger presented by Vercingetorix, ordering them to come to his assistance ASAP. Vellaunodunum When Vercingetorix learned what Caesar was doing, he headed back to the Biturgies and then to the non-allied Boiian town of Gergovia in order to attack it. Caesar sent ahead messages to the Boii to encourage them to resist. Heading towards the Boii, Caesar left two legions at Agendicum. En route, at the Senones town of Vellaunodunum, Caesar decided to attack so there wouldnt be an enemy on his heels. He also figured he would take the opportunity to gain provisions for his troops. Especially during the winter when there was little to forage, having food could decide the outcome of a battle. Because of this, allied towns that werent potential enemies at ones back might still be destroyed to make sure the enemy army starved or retreated. This is what Vercingetorix would soon develop as one of his main policies. After Caesars troops surrounded Vellaunodunum, the town sent out their ambassadors. Caesar ordered them to surrender their weapons and to bring out their cattle and 600 hostages. With arrangements made and Trebonius left in charge, Caesar set out for Genabum, a Carnute town that had been preparing to send troops to help Vellaunodum fight, Caesar. The Romans pitched camp and when the townspeople tried to escape at night via a bridge across the Loire River, Caesars troops took possession of the town, pillaged and burned it, and then headed across the Loire bridge into the Biturgies territory. Noviodunum This move prompted Vercingetorix to stop his siege of Gergovia. He marched towards Caesar who was beginning a siege of Noviodunum. Noviodunum ambassadors begged Caesar to pardon them and spare them. Caesar ordered their weapons, horses, and hostages. While Caesars men went into town to gather up the arms and horses, Vercingetorix army appeared on the horizon. This inspired the people of Noviodunum to take up arms and shut the gates, backing down from their surrender. Since the people of Noviodunum were going back on their word, Caesar attacked. The town lost a number of men before the town surrendered again. Avaricum Caesar then marched to Avaricum, a well-fortified town in the Biturgies territory. Before responding to this new threat, Vercingetorix called a war council, telling the other leaders that the Romans must be kept from getting provisions. Since it was winter, foraged provisions were hard to come by and the Romans would have to leave. Vercingetorix suggested a scorched-earth policy. If a property lacked a good defense it would be burned. In this way, they destroyed 20 of their own Biturgies towns. The Biturgies begged that Vercingetorix not burn their noblest city, Avaricum. He relented, reluctantly. Vercingetorix then set up camp 15 miles from Avaricum and whenever Caesars men went foraging at a distance, some of Vercingetorix men attacked them. Caesar meanwhile built towers but could not build a wall around the city, as he would have wished, because it was enclosed by rivers and marshes. Caesar besieged the town for 27 days building towers and walls while the Gauls built countering devices. The Romans finally had success with a sudden attack, which frightened many of the Gauls into flight. And so, the Romans entered the town and massacred the inhabitants. About 800 in Caesars reckoning escaped to reach Vercingetorix. Caesars troops found ample provisions, and by this time winter was almost over. Vercingetorix was able to calm the other leaders despite all the recent disasters. Especially in the case of Avaricum, He could say the Romans didnt defeat them by valor but by a new technique the Gauls hadnt seen before, and besides, he might have said, he had wanted to torch Avaricum but had only left it standing because of the pleas of the Biturgies. The allies were appeased and supplied Vercingetorix with replacement troops for those he had lost. He even added allies to his roster, including Teutomarus, the son of Ollovicon, the king of the Nitiobriges, who was a friend of Rome on the basis of a formal treaty (amicitia). Aeduan Revolt The Aedui, Romes allies, came to Caesar with their political problem: their tribe was led by a king who held power for a year, but this year there were two contenders, Cotus and Convitolitanis. Caesar was afraid that if he didnt arbitrate, one side would turn to Vercingetorix for support of its cause, so he stepped in. Caesar decided against Cotus and in favor of Convitolitanis. He then asked the Aedui to send him all their cavalry plus 10,000 infantry. Caesar split his army and gave Labienus 4 legions to lead north, towards the Senones and Parisii while he led 6 legions into Arverni country towards Gergovia, which was on the banks of the Allier. Vercingetorix broke down all bridges over the river, but this proved only a temporary set-back for the Romans. The two armies pitched their camps on opposite banks and Caesar rebuilds a bridge. Caesars men headed to Gergovia. Meanwhile, Convictolitanis, the man Caesar had chosen to be king of the Aedui, treacherously conferred with the Arverni, who told him that the Aeduans holding out was preventing the allied Gauls from being victorious against the Romans. By this time the Gauls realized their freedom was at stake and having the Romans around to arbitrate and help them against other invaders meant the loss of freedom and heavy demands in terms of soldiers and supplies. Between such arguments and bribes made to the Aedui by the allies of Vercingetorix, the Aedui were convinced. One of those in on the discussion was Litavicus, who was put in charge of the infantry being sent to Caesar. He headed towards Gergovia, providing protection for some Roman citizens on the way. When they were near Gergovia, Litavicus riled up his troops against the Romans. He falsely claimed the Romans had killed some of their favorite leaders. His men then tortured and killed the Romans under their protection. Some rode off to th e other Aeduan towns to convince them to resist and avenge themselves on the Romans, as well. Not all Aeduans agreed. One in the company of Caesar learned of Litavicus actions and told Caesar. Caesar then took some of his men with him and rode to the army of the Aedui and presented to them those very men they thought the Romans had killed. The army lay down its arms and submitted themselves. Caesar spared them and marched back towards Gergovia. Gergovia When Caesar finally reached Gergovia, he surprised the inhabitants. At first, all was going well for the Romans in the conflict, but then fresh Gallic troops arrived. Many of Caesars troops did not hear when he called for a retreat. Instead, they continued to fight and try to plunder the city. Many were killed but they still did not stop. Finally, ending the days engagement, Vercingetorix, as the victor, called off the fight for the day when new Roman legions arrived. Adrian Goldsworthy says an estimated 700 Roman soldiers and 46 centurions were killed. Caesar dismissed two important Aeduans, Viridomarus and Eporedorix, who went to the Aeduan town of Noviodunum on the Loire, where they learned that further negotiations were being made between the Aeduans and the Arvernians. They burned the town so the Romans couldnt feed themselves from it and began to build up armed garrisons around the river. When Caesar heard of these developments he thought he should put down the revolt quickly before the armed force grew too large. This he did, and after his troops had surprised the Aeduans, they took the food and cattle they found in the fields and then marched off to the territory of the Senones. Meanwhile, other Gallic tribes heard of the revolt of the Aedui. Caesars very competent legate, Labienus, found himself surrounded by two newly rebelling groups and so needed to move out his troops by stealth. The Gauls under Camulogenus were tricked by his maneuvers and then defeated in a battle where Camulogenus was slain. Labienus then led his men to join Caesar. Meanwhile, Vercingetorix had thousands of cavalry from the Aedui and Segusiani. He sent other troops against the Helvii whom he defeated while he led his mena and allies against the Allobroges. To deal with Vercingetorix attack against the Allobroges, Caesar sent for cavalry and light-armed infantry help from the Germanic tribes beyond the Rhine. Vercingetorix decided the time was right to attack the Roman forces whom he judged to be inadequate in number, as well as encumbered with their baggage. The Arverni and allies divided into three groups to attack. Caesar divided his troops in three, too, and fought back, with the Germans obtaining a hilltop formerly in Arverni possession. The Germans pursued the Gallic enemy to the river where Vercingetorix was stationed with his infantry. When the Germans started to kill the Averni, they fled. Many of Caesars enemies were slaughtered, Vercingetorix cavalry was routed, and some of the tribal leaders were captured. Alesia Vercingetorix then led his army to Alesia. Caesar followed, killing those he could. When they reached Alesia, the Romans surrounded the hilltop city. Vercingetorix sent out mounted troops to go to their tribes to round up all those old enough to bear arms. They were able to ride through the places where the Romans hadnt yet completed their fortification. The fortifications were not just a means to contain those within. The Romans put torturous devices on the outside that could injure an army pressing against it. The Romans needed some to gather timber and food. Others worked on building the fortifications, which meant Caesars troop strength was diminished. Because of this, there were skirmishes, although Vercingetorix was waiting for Gallic allies to join him before a full-fledged fight against Caesars army. The Arvernian allies sent fewer than asked, but still, a great number of troops, to Alesia where they believed the Romans would easily be defeated by the Gallic troops on two fronts, from within Alesia and from those newly arriving. The Romans and Germans stationed themselves both inside their fortifications to fight those in the city and outside to fight the newly arriving army. The Gauls from outside attacked at night by throwing things from a distance and alerting Vercingetorix to their presence. The next day the allies came closer and many were injured on the Roman fortifications, so they withdrew. The next day, the Gauls attacked from both sides. A few Roman cohorts left the fortifications and circled round to the rear of the outer enemy whom they surprised and slaughtered when they tried to flee. Vercingetorix saw what had happened and gave up, surrendering himself and his weapons. Later Vercingetorix would be displayed as a prize in Caesars triumph of 46 B.C. Caesar, generous to the Aedui and Arverni, distributed Gallic captives so that every soldier throughout the army received one as plunder. Source: The Gallic Menace in Caesars Propaganda, by Jane F. Gardner Greece Rome  © 1983.

The travel and tourism sector Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The travel and tourism sector - Coursework Example Leisure tourism was a common thing even in the Egyptian and Babylonian empires. Most of the travelling had to do with visiting religious temples. In those days most people travelled by foot, with only the wealthy being borne in litters from place to place. Many centuries later, in the fourth century, even had advertisements posted on city walls which informed people travelling to religious festivals about the available inns in the towns of Sparta, Athens and Troy. During the era of the Roman Empire, Roman soldier patrols allowed Roman citizens to be able to travel in relative safety within the empire’s jurisdiction. The Roman Empire also built high quality roads to places like Rhodes and Sicily- thus easing the travelling expeditions of its citizens. From 300 AD, many people from all over the world would travel to the Holy Land on spiritual pilgrimages. The Romans were the first civilization to use (itineraria) guidebooks which had lists of inns and different marks indicating varying quality. The areas near the city, Rome, even had homes that were constructed to house the multitudes of visitors who came to the city in springtime to enjoy the entertainments that were common at this time. The tourist resorts around ‘Naples’ were mainly favoured by Roman intellectuals as well as retired wealthy citizens. The region of ‘Baiae’ was more frequented by the lower elements of Roman society and was notorious for all- night singing. With the collapse of the Roman Empire, travel became much more dangerous for people as there were no patrols to keep the roads safe. The Pre-Industrial Age Between the 16th to 18th centuries in Europe, the citizens of many nations were more mobile than was the case during the Middle Age s (Veal 2006). The Northern European landed gentry often sent their sons to places like Greece and Italy to learn more about different cultures as part of the "Grand Tour". For the most part, people still walked to different places; it is only the wealthy who used carriages to travel. When travelling longer distances, citizens from different nations would also use horses and ships. The ships did not have motors, but used the wind’s power. Due to the fact that the speed of travel was limited most governments authorized the building of cities near the major waterways so as to make trade easier. The Industrial Revolution started in the 1700s in England and subsequently spread North America and Europe. Nations in Western Europe stopped being cantered around agricultural activities began to identify as industrial societies. When manufacturing facilities began to engage in mass production many citizens moved into the cities. To facilitate this, canals were developed to ease water t ravel and railways were created to speed travel into the main cities. These alterations made it easier for people to be able to travel over long distances. The subsequent creation of the combustible engine, the automobile, and the airplane further enabled more effective and faster travel across both water and land, while also increasing the number of regions in which people could engage in trade. While this increased the incidences of tourism, it is not until the 1950s when commercial jets became affordable for ordinary citizens that masses of people were able to visit tourist destination that they had only previously read about. The 1960s so the beginning of a new trend- backpacking- in Europe and America. Hippies would travel to areas of interest such as Morocco, Guatemala, Bali, and, most often, India. Backpackers wanted to experience life as citizens of different nations and so did not want to be secluded from the populations of the citizens they travelled through. The 1980s saw other nations outside Europe and America start to take a keen interest in travelling for leisure. Today,

The Corporate Veil in the UK and US Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Corporate Veil in the UK and US - Coursework Example Salomon quotes have been repeated many times over history, and it is described by Lord Templeman as an â€Å"unyielding rock†,7 especially after its being codified in the Companies Act 2006 in section 16(2). But how does the corporate veil affect corporate governance? What are the consequences of the veil, especially when it is lifted? Have directors been able to use the veil to commit fraudulent activities, or have shareholders’ rights been made stronger? It is important to first examine the concept of corporate governance, in particular in relation to directors and shareholder’s rights. Shareholder Rights and Directors in Corporate Governance Shareholders are defined as the investors in the company; they are often described to have considerable amounts of power to elect and even remove directors from the board, although it will be shown below that this is not actually the case anymore because their rights have been greatly reduced. On the other hand, the direct ors are the upper most governing body of the company, although they are restricted in many ways by way of their directors’ duties to act in the best interests of the company and to promote the business as a whole. Directors create and put into action the company’s policies and manage the actions and interactions of the company. Shareholders also possess some non-financial rights, especially in relation to the protection of their invested shares. Shareholders, as well as vote to appoint and remove directors, can also have an effect on the laws of the company, and change directors’ acts so they act according to the company laws, or articles of association. This does not mean that shareholders have a lot of power over the company generally, but their ability to vote does give them some importance and... The paper tells that corporate Governance principles have a big effect on the aspect of the corporate veil. The company structure which separates the power contained by directors in their managing roles and the ownership in the hands of the shareholders has caused problems as to how the corporate veil can affect corporate governance. How can directors be made properly accountable to the shareholders, and does this improve corporate governance? Davies terms this as â€Å"the quest for stockholder democracy†, and says the apparent simple solution of improving levels of democracy and increasing accountability in the corporate structure is difficult to apply in reality. It is suggested that increased participation of shareholders is difficult and maybe not even desirable because it makes decision making more difficult to achieve. It is said that the corporate governance principles in the US are more a result of â€Å"path-dependent history than the ‘natural’ result o f an inevitable evolution toward greater efficiency†. Yet it has been said that the UK system of separate ownership prevents corporate governance from being monitored properly. Such critics say that a more central application of corporate governance is needed, so that it can be more objective and can be implemented more quickly. Shareholders are also not willing in many cases to start litigation when fraud or abuse has happened, because of the costs of litigation that directors often have little trouble of paying but which shareholders may have problems financing in the UK.

A Real Divide Between the Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Real Divide Between the Law and Ethics - Essay Example Virtue ethics does not really provide clear cut criteria for the rightness or wrongness of an act but, it can tell you whether the person is good or bad depending on behavioural manifestations. Moreover, virtue ethics does not address the problem of relativism – one good trait may not be considered as good in another culture. Another theory is utilitarianism. In this theory, the rightness or wrongness of the act is dependent on the entailed consequences of the act (Velasquez, 2006). If there will be many beneficiaries from the act, then the act is good. In other words, if the act will make more people happy, then the act is good. In this sense, as the focus is turned on the consequence of the act, counting how many will be happier or how many will benefit from the act becomes the parameter for the rightness or wrongness of the act. This theory is criticised because it is vague as to what is happiness and how happy will be measured. Moreover, the question of relativism and the danger of the fallacy of the majority become an inherent concern of this theory. Duty-based ethics is the last theory that will be briefly discussed. According to this theory, rightness or wrongness of the act does not depend on its consequence, rather, rightness or wrongness is inherent in the act itself. As such, there are acts that one ought to do and acts which one ought not to do. This theory provides a straightforward directive on what ought to be done. This is because the theory rests on the assumption that all human beings are a rational human agent and as rational agents, they will do the right act and avoid the wrong one.

Examining The Flooding Effects In Gambia Environmental Sciences Essay

Examining The Flooding Effects In Gambia Environmental Sciences Essay Floods have been a major natural disaster, affecting the Gambia over the last decade. It effects has been a cause for concern, because the Gambia is situated in the low lying coast and it has a low capacity in resolving the problems on floods. As a result of the rising sea levels, along with excess rainfall and high tides, the Gambias river reaches its flood stage, causing flooding and inundation. According to UNFCCC (2007), the Gambia is part of the worlds most vulnerable countries, that are prone to the effects of sea level rise and the countrys has a few resources to reduce the risks, it poses for the future. The aim of this report is to understand the impacts of sea level rise on river flood and also, to understand its consequences for the flood risk management in Gambia. Geography and Demography The Gambia, being the smallest country in the African continent, has an area of 11,000 km (NEA, 2010). Studies from the UNEP(no date) claim that, about one third of its surface area is covered by the Gambias river with marsh lands along its banks. Its river originates from the Futa Djallon highlands in Guinea, bisecting the country into a narrow strip of land, approximately 400 km long and 30 km wide on both sides of Gambia (see Figure 1). Gambia is bordered on all sides, by the Republic of Senegal and on the west, by the Atlantic Ocean (GOTG, 2008). Figure 1: Map of the Gambia ( Jaiteh and Saho, 2006) Climate and population The Gambias climate is known to be subtropical, with dry seasons from November to May, and wet seasons from June to October. Rainfalls and tides are known to be the key factors that influence the rivers flows, as the rainfall ranges from 850-1,200 mm per annum (NEA,2010). However, over the past decades, there has been massive outbreaks of drought due to low rainfall patterns. As a result, relatively little vegetation cover, has increased the vulnerability of severe floods, because of inadequate permeable surfaces. During the wet seasons, the excess rainfalls, is the period when the overflow of the river banks and into the floodplains, reaches its peak (GOTG, 2008). The Gambias population is now estimated at 1.36 million (Jaiteh and Saho, 2006) with a density of over 130 persons/km2 (UNDP, 2000). A study by Columbia University(2007) claim that almost 62% of the population, residing outside the 10 meter elevation of the coastal areas, are at risk of coastal flooding, and they are susceptible to the effects from sea level rise(see Figure 2). Also 14% of the population, living in the upper river division and the 13% of the population living in the Central river division are those, under greatest threat of river flooding. Figure 2: Population density map(Columbia Univeristy,2007) The countrys geomorphology is made up of its river, which divides the country into two separate forms of a plateau. The lower valley is up to a total land area of 39 percent and its swamps are prone to floods, thus it is only 2 km away from the river ( Jaiteh, 2008). Jaiteh (2008) states that, the countrys highest land heights are in the east of the country, although they are not above 60 meters. The areas shaded in green are those that are more prone to river floods, hence it is less than ten meters above mean sea level (see Figure 3). Correspondingly, the river flow is up to 30 percent below 10 meters above mean sea level and up to 20 percent during flood seasons (NEA, 2010) Figure 3: Elevation Map of The Gambia (Jaiteh, 2003) Flooding in The Gambia Flooding has been the most common hazard, which affected people throughout the world. Annually, 75million people are affected by flood related disasters (Coppola,2011). In Gambia, the national disaster management agency (2008-2011) reported that between 2002 and 2006, there have been 65 flood events. Human activities add to the vulnerability of flood prone areas, especially in the north bank division, deforestation and poor farming tends to reduce the soils ability to hold the flood waters, and this causes more runoffs and erosion (NEA, 2010). Floods can be considered as natural occurrence, rather than pinning it on the effects from climate change. Knuckman (2011) states that, as the catchment reaches its excess water levels, its loses its ability to restore this excess water and then flooding arises. In addition to that, Cooper and Pilkey (2004) believe that other factor listed below also contributes to the factors that trigger floods. There are three main factors that influence river floods are: Sea level Forcing: Due to the high rations between the width and length of the river estuary, Jaiteh and Sarr (2011) have claimed that, sea level rise will increase towards the inner part of the river estuary and this applies to the river Gambia due to it land along the river is flat. Wind forcing: The wind pressure has a huge impact on the water level. Reports from the Gambias meteorology office reveal that, during the last 10 years, there has been a 25cm difference in the water levels between the rainy and the dry season, due to shifts of wind speed. During the rainy season, the forces of the wind has a higher load over the rivers surface Tributary forcing: The rivers mean discharge ranges from 460-90 m3 (Leseck et al, 1980)and the impacts of the severe stream flows affects the rivers tributaries, increasing pressure on the rivers pressure.. Surface evaporation is expected to increase, and this can place additional constraints on management rules of an upstream reservoir in the country. Also, integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) institutions faces problems associated with the water floods from sea level rise, as drainage congestion increases the height of flood levels. During wet seasons, when excess precipitation triggers the river to reach its flood stage, causing the flooded water to flow to the flood plains and unto the land (GOTG, 2008). In1999 and 2003, there was a serious flood event that occurred in Upper River and Central River Regions, affecting 13.1% of the countrys population (National disaster management agency2008-2011). The Gambias has developed a national disaster management agency in 1996, as a response strategy, to provide emergency assistance; rescue, relief and precautionary operations, for all the disasters in the country. Under this agency, there has been a framework called the strategic action plan, which provides a pathway on what actions and mechanisms to be undertaken for an effective disaster management for the Gambia. For instance, in terms of precautionary strategies of floods, this management agency provides sand bags, as flood proofing against the flood water levels during the rainy seasons. Although this process has not been effective, because during the recent floods (1999 and 2003), the forces of the flood waters has exceeded the capacity of those existing sand bags over the recent years (GOTG, 2008). A case study event: July 2010 floodings (Jaiteh and sarr 2011) In September 2010, there was an extreme flood event from heavy rainfalls; affecting 1,000 and 790 people were displaced. The National Red Cross provided financial support on those affected, whilst Red Crescent societies, were responsible for the emergency rescue and rehabilitation aid (DREF, 2010) Jallow et al(1996) carried out a research of a one meter sea level rise scenario on the coastal zone. He concluded that, 1m rise in sea level due to flooding would lead to a total land loss of 92 km ² in Banjul, because its elevation , and Banjul is built on a low lying sand spit (see Figure 4). An estimated total cost of 217 million US Dollars, worth of land could be lost, including the mangroves on St. Marys Island, and along the river banks in the north bank divisions (National Climate Committee Banjul, 2003). Figure 4: Areas susceptible of flooding with a 1 meter sea level rise (GOTG, 2007) The Gambia government has also formulated a national adaptation program of action on (NAPA) on climate change, which is under the administration of the UNFCCC. This framework was signed by the Gambia in June 2001, as a means of developing adaptations to climate change and also, to attain preventive schemes for natural disasters such as floods (Jaiteh and Sarr, 2011). Currently, there have been no existing engineering flood defenses in place, against the prevention of floods in the Gambia. According to executive director of the National disaster management agency, claimed that inadequate resources and low funding has been the countrys main stumbling block, in generating effective flood protection structures such as embankments and dykes. Mr Khan, further went on to say that, there has been ten contingency action plans, funded by the World Bank in 1998 to enhance sustainable actions for their flood risk management strategy. Effects of sea level rising in Gambia The sea level is rising due to an increased temperature from the atmosphere; which causes thermal expansions in the oceans and the melting of the ice caps( Gehrels and Long, 2008). This outcome increases the water level of the sea to rise. Reports from IPCCC(2007) claimed, that global sea level is likely to increase by 18 cm to 59 cm by 2100. In Gambia, it is believed that the sea levels could rise by 15cm to 95 cm by 2100 (UNFCCC,2007). This means that, if global warming is not monitored , the challenges of coping with extreme flood will perpetuate, which will cause future constraints to the Gambias disaster management agency. This outcome of global warming, threatens the risk of potential rivers flooding at an alarming rate in the future if there is not reduction in greenhouse gases. Rising sea levels, inundates the coastal zone, due to its low lying feature the Capital city Banjul is vulnerable to flooding it is less than one meter above mean sea level (see figure 3). It is believed that the relationship between the effects of sea level rise, is caused by the changing climate conditions and the natural occurrence of the river (Hunt,2000). For instance, at the rivers estuary, the rising water level from the sea, with heavy precipitation during the wet season increase the risks of flooding in the rivers floodplains (National Disaster Management Agency, 2008-2011). On the other hand, Jallow et al (1996) reveals that, high tides on the river estuaries, influenced by the westerly winds has also been a major factor why the river Gambia floods. Unfortunately, the tide record recorder has not been in function over the past years, for further analysis (see Table 1) Table 1: Tidal recorder table: Water levels from tide records taken in Banjul, from 1979 to 1993(Jallow et al 1996) The tide recorder above shows that, the water level has remained constant about two meters between 1979-1984, and towards the late 1980s due to low tides, there has been drastic shift between 1988 till 1993. Evidence of the high water levels can be seen in 1980, when huge river floods occurred in the central river division, accompany with heavy storm surges (Jallow et al, 1996). Conversely the NEA (2000) claimed that the tidal currents mostly influences floods in the river estuary than the coastline, thus are weaker by the coastline; Banjul, and higher up to1m/s in the rivers estuary. Figure 3: Current Elevation of Banjul (Jallow et al, 1999) Response strategies The Disaster agency mainly undertakes a disaster response and risk reduction system, than a disaster prevention scheme. In 2007, the agency formulated a risk reduction policy, called a hazards Profile of the Gambia and its Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Report, to identify the hazards, and the potential threats it poses to the country to the country (National Disaster Management Agency 2008-2011). In 2008 the Gambia government developed a National Disaster Management Act which stressed, that the all adaptation and precautionary measures undertaken for flood preventions must be effective and capable to serve long-term purposes. Thus in the event of the 2003 flooding in Central River Division (CRD), the practical early warnings has not been efficient in alerting people before floods occurs. In the 2003 event, it was unreliable because it did not reach the entire region. Therefore, a change in its the response strategy of the monitoring systems. Post 2003 the government proposes to produce a more resourceful flood risk management plan that consists of geospatial informations to improve the monitoring services to produce positive effective warning systems. There has been a proposal to develop a mapping program to manage the rivers floodplains along central river division (NEA, 2010). Currently the UNDP in the collaboration of a National disaster management program provides project guidelines on, 1. How to review of early warning systems, 2. How to analyze management systems, in precautionary measures and 3. The provision of regular feedbacks to those responsible stakeholders (NEA, 2010). International response The United nations has recommended to the local government to develop artificial channels such as canals and build dams as mechanisms against flood. More over, the government has been has been reluctant, on these developments, especially dams, as they can cause the changes in the course of the river and its establishment, has not been financially viable. The UNDP support to the Gambia on floods, encourages a capacity building approach, in which grassroots development, enhances the local community with skills on planting mangroves around there neighborhood, as preparation plans to deal with the flood waters before flood occurrence (UNDP,2000). Recently, the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) provided technical support to the Gambias assessment of the national institutional framework for the national program of Action. This was not been supportive because it has not clearly indicate areas prone to river flooding, induced sea level rise, to provide accurate analysis on research to cope with the risks from both sea level and flooding. Furthermore, the nonexistence of physical flood defenses against flood preventions, and this has been the why vulnerability increases of the countrys liability to floods (NEA, 2010). LONG-TERM plans and Recommendations Construction of physical defenses It is significant to build a low cost seawall or a bulkhead to cope with the effects of sea level and floods along the coastline. The seawall has a 1:2 slope, a 2-metre beam and a height above water of 1.2 times sea level rise scenario. This would protect the coastline where there land is less than one meter above mean sea level, along Banjul area, by the mangrove systems. It is adequate to use dikes made up of about 1.5 to 2 meter to control the water levels (NEA, 2010) Wetland preservation and mitigation The estuary of the Gambia River contains economically important wetlands and mangrove systems. The mangrove systems on the Kombo St. Mary Island and Kombo Peninsular are regarded as vital breeding grounds for various aquatic species. Efforts should be made to protect these areas by declaring them as protected wetlands. This would discourage exploitation of the resources in these wetlands. This can examine the impacts of upstream dams on the Gambia River in terms of reduced sediment supply. Effects of sea level rise on flood risk management The constraints that the rising sea level has on flood risk management affects the Gambias land use planning and the water resource management. There is the need to increase the use of floodplains against floods, and also development the rivers basin. Water resource management In producing a better river basin, flood management need to identify the connection of the rivers flowing patters. The Gambias integrated water resource management ensures that the water quality is being preserved, and dams and wells are protected against contamination of the flood waters. When river flooding occurs, the major problems arises from drainage congestion and these are regarded as the significant effects of raising water levels on flood risk management Land use planning The Gambia needs to map out the most vulnerable locations of flood risks, to enable accurate impact assessments, between land-use planning and the protection of the infrastructures. Also, the contingency plan should include flood scenarios that are beyond the projected situation, in order to increase its management capacities.The lands office and physical planning should avoid the allocation of lands that are susceptible of flooding. For instance dried up streams in kombo peninsular, consists of new settlements, and has recently flooded during the rainy seasons. People residing at areas prone to flooding should be advice to raise their gate above the mean flood levels. Conclusion It can be concluded that, the impacts of rising sea levels will continue to increase the risk of flooding across the country, if the preventive systems are not enhanced productively in the future. This is because, the Gambia focus all their attention on the response systems, than prevention systems of floods and the effects of sea level rise, rather than tackling the root causes of the problems, and then finding means of preventing its occurrence. Lack of appropriate data has been a stumbling block in producing the accurate findings, for effective risk management systems. Although, Gambia has been classified as a net sink country, the amount of greenhouse gases eliminate from the atmosphere is more than those produced (NEA, 2010). Yet it is been severely affected by the global climate change effects over the last decade. Its management systems undertake an integrated approach, such as policy formulations and contingency plans, rather than establishing of physical defenses. To sum it up, the most important method to manage the effects of sea level rise on floods is to reconstruct those groynes(trunks of rhun palm inserted into the sea) in Banjul to capture those sediments transported during erosion (see Figure 5). The construction dikes, can possible be, one of the most efficient form of flood defences. Also, catchment flood management strategy can be an essential tool in providing a sustainable protection on managing flood risks. The facilitation of a catchment flood management plan will enable the Gambia, to benefit from the understanding flood risks of the river Gambia, in order to tackle its consequences efficiently. In this way, the national disaster management and the rest of the stakeholders will undertake a more technical style towards their flood management plan. In addition to that, there has been poor records to verify flood magnitudes and its frequency and if this was available, there will be allocation, there will be accurate analysis that can provide inappropriate technique to manage future flood risk managements for the Gambia.A corporation that brings together the efforts of the local government, UN agencies, NGOs, civil Society and local communities is the most effective form of a achieving a sustainable flood management strategy would create an inclusive disaster management framework in the country and to improve governments capacities to manage and counter to floods effectively. Received feed back: supervisor wants me to provide a picture of a dikes, as I have written in my conclusion that, it cal be the most effective form of flood risk of management. Please run this thru your plagiarism website for me. I am in Uni working on my powerpoint slides